Section: Module 1: Lesson 2: The Human Body and Its Nutritional Needs | Public Health Nutrition | NextGenU.org

  • Student Learning Outcomes:
    Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
    • Name the major human body systems and relate their functions.
    • Describe the basic human body functions and life process.
    • Define the term "nutrients".
    • Understand the concept of nutrition energy.
    • Summarize the major classification of nutrients:
      Carbohydrates
      Proteins
      Fats
      Vitamins
      Minerals
      Dietary fiber
      Water
      Oxygen.

    • Give examples of common sources of these nutrients present in our food and environment and the unique functions that each nutrient performs inside the human body.
    • Describe the nutritional requirements through the life stages.
    • Identify the factors that influence changes in nutritional needs.
    • Describe how nutritional needs change with factors such as gender, age, physical activity, lifestyle, etc.
    • Recommend strategies to address changes in nutritional needs determined by various factors.
    • Explain the concept of "metabolism" and its components.
    • Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways.
    • Describe the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids at the level of tissues and organs.
    • Describe malnutrition and its health consequences in their country.
    • Elaborate on the consequences of a deficit of micronutrients diet in overall health.
    • Discuss the importance of proper nutritional consumption, intake, and physical activity to improve health outcomes.
    • Describe how the digestive system processes foods from ingestion to defecation.
    • Explain how nutrients are transported in the body.
    • Explain how energy is being stored by the body.
    • Identify the determinants of a food's nutritional value.
    • Understand the methods used to determine the nutritional value or nutrient contents of a food.
    • Describe the nutritional value of food using the nutrition facts table.
    • Describe what makes a component of a food/drink non-nutritive.
    • Describe common examples of non-nutritive components of foods and drinks.
    • Summarize how non-nutritive components of foods and drinks affect the diet, health, and well-being of a population.
    Approximate time required to complete the readings (at 144 words/minute) and assignments for this module: 17 hours and 20 minutes.

    Click here to start this lesson

    • Required Learning Resources and Activities
    • Read the complete article. (13 minutes)

      Hill & Ponton, P.A. - 2018

    • Read the entire page. (6 minutes)

      National Cancer Institute - 2018

    • Read the entire webpage. (18 minutes)

      Libre Texts Libraries - 2020

    • Read the entire content and see the videos. (25 minutes)

      Libre Texts Medicine - 2021

    • Read the entire webpage. (3 minutes)

      The Nutrition Society - 2021

    • Read the entire page. (28 minutes)

      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 

    • Read the complete article. (20 minutes)

      Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and Unbound Medicine - 2020

    • Read the content under the heading "Other lifestyle components in relation to dietary patterns" to the end of the article. (24 minutes)

      The Proceedings of Nutrition Society - 2020

    • Read the entire webpage. (17 minutes)

      Better Health Channel  - 2021

    • Read from the beginning of the webpage to the end of the section, "The carrier of Chemical Energy", then read the content under the headings "Catabolism", "Anabolism" and "Integration of catabolism and anabolism". (27 minutes)

      Britannica - 2020

    • Read the entire webpage. (8 minutes)

      WHO - 2020

    • Read the content under "Background," "Discussion," and "Conclusion." (9 minutes)

      NCBI - 2018

    • Read the entire web page. (36 minutes)

      NCBI - 2020

    • Read the entire web page. (14 minutes)

      Pressbooks - 2020

    • Read the entire document. (50 minutes)

      NCBI - 2016

    • Read the entire page. (8 minutes)

      LibreTexts libraries - 2020

    • Read the entire page. (7 minutes)

      Victoria State Government - 2012

    • Read the entire document. (25 minutes)

      Global Food Research Program - 2020

    • Read the web page to learn about how to read a food label. Knowing how to read a food label is important in making informed dietary choices. (15 minutes)

      Government of Canada - 2019

    • Read the entire web page. (11 minutes)

      Harvard School of Public Heath - 2019

    • Read the entire web page. (12 minutes)

      Better Health Channel - 2021

    • Read the entire web page. (3 minutes)

      Health Direct - 2020

    • Read the entire web page. (5 minutes)

      Drug, Alcohol and Prevention Services Division, Mental Health Commission - 2021

    • Read the entire web page. (10 minutes)

      Cleveland Clinic - 2019

    • Students should read the entire article, which discusses the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on sugar intake for adults and children as a step toward reducing the mortality associated with non-communicable diseases. (10 minutes)

      American Heart Association - 2014

    • Read through the page to learn about which sweeteners are permitted in Canada. (10 minutes)

      Government of Canada - 2018

    • In this activity, you will identify three main food sources in your country for each of the following: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Then, you will select one of the nutrients and explain its importance for normal body function and the consequences of a deficiency of this nutrient. Organize your nutrients and food sources in a table format.

      Step 1: Review

      Review the learning resources for this lesson.

      Step 2: Explore and Select

      Think of the existing main food sources in your country. You may explore the web to assist you with your search. Then, identify three food sources for each of the following primary nutrients:

      • Carbohydrates
      • Fats
      • Proteins
      • Vitamins
      • Minerals 

      Note: Since there are five (5) listed types of nutrients here and each must have three (3) examples, there must be fifteen (15) food sources in total.

      Step 3: Respond

      After listing all the required food sources, choose one nutrient, analyze and prepare a 300-500 word discussion piece with the following key points:

      • How does the body use each food source for your selected nutrient?
      • How does the nutrient contribute to the health status of people?  
      • How easy or difficult is it to get access to this nutrient in your region, and what consequences can occur if persons are deficient in this nutrient? 

      Step 4: Share

      To share your work, click on the “Add a new discussion topic” button under this post and paste your work in the “Message” box. Make sure that you have addressed all the required information, and you include both the table and the discussion. Please ensure to reference others’ intellectual property when necessary. All references should follow 7th Edition APA formatting. For further instructions, see the resource on the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library: APA citation resource (N.B. references are excluded from word counts).

      Step 5: Interact

      Evaluate and categorize the work from one of your peers based on items A - E of this rubric. Provide a rationale for the grade you provided, as well as comments or suggestions for improvement. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.” You can use the list below as an example:

      Item A is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item B is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item C is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item D is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….
      Item E is  .…. because….  My suggestions for improvement are….

      OPTIONAL Step 6: Interact (10 minutes)

      If you would like to, you can reply to your peers' posts in a respectful and professional manner. Ensure that your post engages your peers' ideas by including a reflection on their comments, sharing ideas of other potential difficulties and parties involved, or asking thought-provoking questions. If a peer comments on your posting, please reply. To post a reply, click “Reply” on a particular discussion, write your feedback and then click on “Post to forum.”